E·SEnglish Studya learner’s lexicon

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A learner’s lexicon

A learner’s English lexicon

Set in EB Garamond · bound in vellum · for English & Vietnamese

Reference

Grammar

A pocket reference for the tenses you keep mixing up — each lesson pairs with a quiz drawn from your saved vocabulary.

Tenses

Present SimpleHabits, facts, and routines that are generally true.
Formula: S + V(bare) · S(he/she/it) + V-s/esPractice →
Present ContinuousAn action happening right now or around this period of time.
Formula: S + am/is/are + V-ingPractice →
Present PerfectA past action with a connection or result that matters now.
Formula: S + has/have + V-ed/V3Practice →
Present Perfect ContinuousAn action that started in the past and is still continuing (or just stopped with visible results).
Formula: S + has/have been + V-ingPractice →
Past SimpleA completed action at a specific point in the past.
Formula: S + V-ed/V2Practice →
Past ContinuousAn action that was in progress at a specific moment in the past.
Formula: S + was/were + V-ingPractice →
Past PerfectOne past action that finished before another past action.
Formula: S + had + V-ed/V3Practice →
Past Perfect ContinuousAn ongoing action in the past that continued up to another past moment.
Formula: S + had been + V-ingPractice →
Future SimpleA decision made now, a prediction, or a promise about the future.
Formula: S + will + V(bare)Practice →
Future ContinuousAn action that will be in progress at a specific moment in the future.
Formula: S + will be + V-ingPractice →
Future PerfectAn action that will be completed before a specific future moment.
Formula: S + will have + V-ed/V3Practice →
Future Perfect ContinuousThe duration of an ongoing action up to a specific future point.
Formula: S + will have been + V-ingPractice →

Conditionals

First Conditional (real future)A realistic condition and its likely future result.
Formula: If + S + V(present), S + will + V(bare)Practice →
Second Conditional (unreal present)An imaginary or unlikely present/future situation and its hypothetical result.
Formula: If + S + V(past), S + would + V(bare)Practice →
Third Conditional (unreal past)An imaginary change to a past event and its hypothetical past result.
Formula: If + S + had + V-ed/V3, S + would have + V-ed/V3Practice →

Structures

Passive VoiceShift the focus from the doer of an action to the receiver of the action.
Formula: S + be + V-ed/V3 (+ by O)Practice →
Reported SpeechReport what someone said by backshifting the tense one step into the past.
Formula: S + said (that) + S + V (backshifted one tense)Practice →
Modal VerbsExpress ability, permission, obligation, or possibility using a modal auxiliary before the base verb.
Formula: S + modal + V(bare)Practice →
Comparatives & SuperlativesCompare two things with a comparative form, or rank one among many with a superlative form.
Formula: S + V + adj-er / more + adj + than O · S + V + the adj-est / most + adjPractice →
Gerunds vs InfinitivesKnow whether a verb should be followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) or an infinitive (to + base verb).
Formula: S + V + V-ing · S + V + to + V(bare)Practice →
Articles (a / an / the)When to use indefinite (a/an), definite (the), or no article at all.
Formula: a/an + singular noun · the + specific nounPractice →
Relative ClausesAdd information about a noun using who, which, or that to introduce a relative clause.
Formula: Noun + who/which/that + S + VPractice →
Mixed ConditionalsCombine a past condition with a present result, or a present condition with a past result.
Formula: If + S + had + V-ed/V3, S + would + V(bare)Practice →
Wishes & RegretsExpress wishes about the present with wish + past simple, and regrets about the past with wish + past perfect.
Formula: S + wish + S + had + V-ed/V3 · S + wish + S + would + V(bare)Practice →
Question FormsForm yes/no and wh-questions by inverting the auxiliary verb and subject.
Formula: (Wh-) + Aux + S + V(bare) ?Practice →
Phrasal VerbsCombine a base verb with a particle (in, up, on, off, out, …) to create a new idiomatic meaning.
Formula: S + V + particle (+ O)Practice →
Prepositions of Time & PlaceUse in, on, and at correctly with times, dates, and locations by matching the preposition to the size or precision of the reference.
Formula: in/on/at + noun (time or place)Practice →